cosmetic surgery at a glance

Abdominoplasty (Tummy Tuck) and Body Contouring
Abdominoplasty ("tummy tuck") is one of many procedures designed to assist in body sculpturing or contouring and address hanging skin folds seen with normal age or after weight loss or pregnancy...
As with many other body contouring procedures, abdominoplasty surgery is not designed to replace healthy lifestyle choices such as an appropriate diet and exercise, which have a more profound effect on weight loss and overall health. Regrettably, weight loss may accentuate the already marked skin laxity and folds.

Breast Augmentation
Breast augmentation is a very commonly performed cosmetic surgical procedure. In 1998, survey figures reveal that 34% of North American women are dissatisfied with their breasts. In 2003, breast augmentation was the third most common cosmetic surgical procedure performed by members of the American Society of Plastic Surgery (with only Botox injections and microdermabrasion being more common).

Breast Reduction (Reduction Mammoplasty) and Breast Lift (Mastopexy)
Breast reductions are very commonly requested surgical procedures. Any woman seeking this surgical care perceives herself as having large breasts. As every large breasted woman does not desire a surgical reduction, there are often other factors in play. These are very personal but often include one or more of the following factors ...

Brow Lift (Forehead Lift)
The brow lift is a rejuvenating surgical procedure aimed at restoring a more youthful appearance to the brow, forehead and indirectly the upper eyelids. Patients seeking brow lifts usually have sagging brows and forehead skin. Typically this causes the patients eyes to look tired and upper lids to look heavy. They also notice deeper horizontal wrinkles in the forehead, made worse by repeated attempts to elevate the brow and often uncorrected by Botox®...

Chemical Peels - A Re-Emerging Art
Chemical peeling - The art and science is re-emerging, once again, as one of the most effective ways to combat skin aging. Chemical peels are one of the most frequently performed aesthetic procedures in North America. Its popularity continues to grow because of the versatility of conditions where chemical peels are of significant benefit...

Dermabrasion
Dermabrasion is one of three commonly used office-based surgical skin resurfacing and rejuvenation procedures. The technique takes its origin from ancient Egypt in 1500 B.C. where healers used a form of sandpaper to even out scars. Today the technique has seen over 3500 years of evolution.
Dermabrasion mechanically removes the most superficial layers of the skin and allows your skins normal healing properties to rejuvenate the skin itself. It is designed to reduce...

Eyelid Surgery (Blepharoplasty)
Eyelid surgery or "blepharoplasty" is a method of restoring a more youthful appearance to the eyes. The eyes themselves are seen as the most expressive feature of the face and often function to transmit our inner feelings. Blepharoplasty procedures correct wrinkles, puffy bags, and heaviness of the lids leaving patients with more open eyes and a youthful, and energized look.
The process of natural aging causes changes in the eyes that can make a person look tired or worn-out. Heavily wrinkled eye skin may...

Facelift (Rhytidectomy)
The face-lift (also known as the rhytidectomy) is a surgical procedure designed to restore a more youthful appearance to both your face and neck. It is intended to set back the clock and allow you to balance your inner feelings and outward appearance...

Lip Augmentation (Cheiloplasty)
Lip augmentation or "cheiloplasty" is a commonly requested cosmetic procedure. Many women are now seeking the "Paris" or full lip look so common amongst the Hollywood elite. In all lips, there are areas of natural fullness. The attractive upper lip is centrally full with slightly less volume toward the lateral edge of the mouth. The white roll above the red lip ("vermillion") tends to also be more prominent centrally than laterally. Attention to restoration of these features provides in vogue sexy lips...

Rhinophyma
Rhinophyma is a condition of very marked overgrowth (hyperplasia) of the sebaceous glands of the nose. The condition is part of the common skin disease rosacea. Rosacea is a chronic acneform disorder of the pilosebaceous units of the skin coupled with an increase in the reactivity of the local skin capillary beds to heat. Where women commonly suffer from one of three stages of rosacea, men more typically suffer the associated nasal overgrowth (rhinophyma). The sensitivity of the capillaries in women results in flushing and finally series of dilated small red veins visible at the surface of the skin...

Cosmetic Laser Surgery

n recent years, lasers have shed their science fictional image to become a surgeon's and dermatologist's most promising weapon in the fight against aging skin. According to the American Academy of Cosmetic Surgery in Chicago, nearly 170,000 Americans, men and women, underwent laser resurfacing of the face in 1998, up from 138,891 in 1996--a 64 percent increase. That's nearly twice the number of the more traditional surgical facelifts performed in the same year.

Laser resurfacing is a very controlled burning procedure during which a laser vaporizes superficial layers of facial skin, removing not only wrinkles and lines caused by sun damage and facial expressions, but also acne scars, some folds and creases around the nose and mouth, and even precancerous and benign superficial growths. In a sense, the laser procedure creates a fresh surface over which new skin can grow.

While the Food and Drug Administration does not regulate how surgeons carry out these procedures, it is responsible for clearing lasers for marketing for the uses requested by the device's manufacturer.

Lasers in Cosmetic Surgery

Since their 1958 discovery, lasers have become a powerful industrial tool, but their applications in medicine have been truly revolutionary. One reason, says Richard Felten, a senior reviewer in FDA's Center for Devices and Radiological Health, is that lasers used as surgical tools can cut through tissue without causing excessive bleeding. In fact, lasers actually can coagulate tissue to stop bleeding. "That's something a knife can't do," Felten says. Also, for many internal procedures, surgeons can get the laser's energy to reach areas within the body more easily than with a scalpel. And finally, the wavelengths of the laser light itself lets surgeons use the device selectively on very specific types of tissues, such as port wine stains or hair follicles, without affecting nearby tissue.

But using lasers for facial skin resurfacing was discovered almost by accident, Felten says. In the course of treating acne scars with a laser, surgeons noticed that after resurfacing the skin around the scar to make the scar less visible, small adjacent wrinkles were greatly diminished.

"Resurfacing is very appealing to people," says Stephen W. Perkins, M.D., president of the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and of the Meridian Plastic Surgery Center of Indianapolis, Ind., "because it is a way of refreshing the skin's surface and getting a new layer of non-sun damaged and more youthful skin."

Collagen is a key fibrous protein in the skin's connective tissue, and it helps give the skin its texture. Natural aging and such factors as sun damage and smoking help break down the collagen layer so that the skin's once smooth surface develops wrinkles. New, more youthful collagen actually forms after laser treatment, says A. Jay Burns, M.D., partner in the Dallas Plastic Surgery Institute and assistant professor of plastic surgery at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School.

Laser resurfacing can often make patients look 10 to 20 years younger, and the results can last for eight to 10 years, says Tina Alster, M.D., director of the Washington Institute of Dermatologic Laser Surgery in the nation's capital. But she warns that after surgery, patients must avoid sunbathing and destroying their skin again. Patients can have a repeat treatment after one year, but usually the first procedure is so successful a follow-up is not needed.

Lasers cannot rejuvenate skin on other parts of the body nor can laser treatment lift or remove sagging jowls or smooth out "crepey" or sagging neck skin. These conditions only respond to traditional cut-and-stitch surgical methods.

Is Resurfacing for You?

Not everyone makes an ideal candidate for laser resurfacing, Perkins explains. "Certain people with very sensitive skin cannot tolerate the medications and lubricants used on the skin during healing." Perkins also feels that the darker-skinned ethnic groups are not candidates because the laser treatment alters the color of skin too dramatically and unpredictably. Alster, on the other hand, believes that in the hands of a very experienced surgeon, people with darker skin tones, although not ideal candidates, can benefit from surgery.

Alster warns that anyone not mentally prepared for resurfacing or who expects instant results is not a good candidate. "This is not easy in-easy out surgery," she says. "Potential patients have to realize that there will be bruising and swelling and they will be holed up in the house for seven to 10 days," she says. "They will have a crusty, oozy, bruised, scabbed, raw-appearing face." Further, they should not expect unflawed skin. "I can't deliver that," she says. "I am not able to give unlined, unscarred skin." Patients, however, can expect a 50 percent or greater improvement.

They must also plan on at least 10 days of healing before applying any makeup. For satisfactory healing, that means following rigorous after-care treatment, including proper skin cleansing, the application of a skin lubricant, and the frequent changing of dressings.

What Are the Risks?

As with any medical procedure, patients may experience certain complications--most temporary--including a prolonged redness of skin, tenderness, easy flushing, and some pigmentary changes, like hyperpigmentation, when the skin appears darker than normal, says Rox Anderson, M.D., director of the Laser Center at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston.

Other risks are more serious, and possibly permanent, including hypopigmentation, or lightening of the skin. "Somewhere between one to two years after treatment it becomes clear that there is a permanent lightening of the skin color where the resurfacing was done," he says.

And scarring may occur in about 2 percent of the cases, he adds, from poor postoperative care, during which time an infection may develop. Or a surgeon may go too deep during the procedure, creating an injury the skin cannot repair, says Alster.

Consider the case of Anne Jones (not her real name) in semi-rural Mississippi, a stay-at-home mom and a doctor's wife. Wanting to remove some mild acne scars, she went to a well-respected local plastic surgeon, but after a five-month recovery period, Jones realized that something had gone very wrong. "He had just burned my face," she says. It was red, with scar tissue all over, she adds.

Eventually, Jones went for help to an ophthalmologist who had extensive laser knowledge--many ophthalmologists use lasers for corrective eye surgery. He took one look at her and exclaimed, "Oh, I am so sorry this has happened to you." He told her that the surgeon had been too aggressive and had not used the right settings, so that her skin had retained too much heat and had been severely burned.

Because both qualified and unqualified practitioners are flooding the cosmetic laser surgery field, consumers may face some real hazards. "All of a sudden, there's widespread use of lasers by unqualified people," says Perkins, who notes that some laser manufacturers are so eager to sell their products that they stage one- or two-day meetings, or courses, for training. That means that even dentists, obstetricians, gynecologists, and family doctors are now offering laser surgery, says Alster.

"The person planning to do laser surgery must understand the basic physics of how laser energy is absorbed by tissue and how tissue responds," warns FDA's Felten. "Then that person should go where the surgery is performed and watch a skilled surgeon use the equipment." Besides that, says Anderson, the best people to work with lasers on skin conditions are the professionals who best understand skin and surgery of the skin: dermatologists and plastic surgeons.

"Sometimes people may choose the wrong laser, or a surgeon may believe more is better, which can lead to significant burning," says Alster. And some operators don't know they must keep wiping off the partially desiccated skin or that they must keep moving the hand holding the laser instrument during the procedure.

To date, no national policy exists for credentialing those planning to practice laser surgery. Felten says FDA is responsible for granting individual manufacturers permission to market their lasers for the specific indications requested. FDA also often recommends training needed to operate the lasers.

But credentialing is a state function, since states are responsible for the licensing of doctors and nurses, and standards for laser training vary from state to state.

That's bad news for patients like Jones. Two years have passed since her procedure and she has spent nearly $70,000 for both the initial surgery and subsequent consultations and corrective surgeries to remove the scarring. She says she has partially reclaimed her life. But she bitterly regrets undergoing the initial surgery. "I will never look right," says Jones. "I would never do this again."

Finding the Best Surgeon

Selecting a laser surgeon is just like picking a qualified doctor for any medical treatment. "Consumers ask more questions of auto mechanics," says Alster. "This is surgery and with it comes inherent risks and complications. While it is perceived as easy, it is not. When you are talking about skin, it is harder to treat than eyes."

The Internet is a good place to start the search. Consumers can find thousands of Websites, including those for specialists, laser and plastic surgery societies, and information pages. But consumers should be wary of assuming the accuracy of any information taken off the Internet because the unscrupulous can put up their own Web pages just as easily as can the qualified.

Alster suggests interviewing several doctors and evaluating their answers and their credentials. After all, she adds, it's the doctor's skill that counts--the laser is just the doctor's tool.

The next step is crucial: asking the right questions. Alster advises asking where the doctor has trained and if he or she owns or rents the equipment--those who own have likely made a commitment to training and to laser surgery. Ask to see before and after pictures of the doctor's cases, and find out how many different types of lasers the doctor owns and how often each piece of equipment is used. "There is not one laser that does everything," she says, cautioning patients to select a surgeon whose practice offers more than one laser system. "One needs to use [the right] laser for the right lesion. So the person examining you must make the correct diagnosis," she says. Alster herself has at least 10 different lasers in her office.

Of course, the final decision may be difficult, since no doctor can guarantee perfection or complete safety, but well-informed patients with reasonable expectations may be one step closer to younger, fresher-looking skin.

Who is best for a Face Lift?

Person with sagging neck, elastic skin and strong (well defined) bone structure is best for the face lift. Most patients are in their forties to sixties but Face Lifts can be done successfully on people in their seventies or eighties as well. A Face Lift can make you look younger and fresher, and it may enhance appearance.

A Face Lift can make you look younger and fresher, and it may enhance appearance. If you feel young, this procedure can help make you look as good as you feel.

Anesthesia

Most Face Lifts are performed under local Anesthesia, combined with a sedative to make you drowsy. You'll be awake, but relaxed, and your face will be insensitive to pain. It may also be carried out under general Anesthesia, in which case you will sleep throughout the procedure.

Surgery

A Face Lift usually takes several hours. The exact placement of the incisions depends mainly on your facial structure and the areas to be worked on. Incisions usually begin above the hairline at the temples, extend in a natural line in front of the ear (or just inside the cartilage at the front of the ear), and continue behind the earlobe to the lower scalp. If the neck needs work, a small incision may also be made under the chin. When combined with a Brow Lift, a coronal incision will be used. This last incision follows a headphone-like pattern, starting at about the ear level and running across the top of the forehead and down the other side of the head and is usually made well behind the hairline so that the scar won't be visible. In general, the skin is separated from the fat and muscle below. Fat may be trimmed or suctioned from around the neck and chin to improve the contour. The underlying muscle and membrane is then tightened and the skin is pulled back with the excess removed. Stitches secure the layers of tissue and close the incisions; metal clips may be used on the scalp. Following surgery, a small, thin tube may be temporarily placed under the skin behind your ear to drain any blood that might collect there. A bandage wrap is generally used to minimize bruising and swelling.

Recovery

Back to work in 1-2 weeks. More strenuous activities 2-3 weeks. Must limit exposure to sun for several months. Duration of result is 5-6 years.

Thinking of Cosmetic Surgery? Read this first!

Three years ago, when a 15-year-old British girl decided to get breast implants for her sixteenth birthday, the story made headlines around the world. Since then, media reports have continued to speculate that cosmetic surgery, once the exclusive domain of wealthy older women, is a trendy new option for any teenager with an adolescent hang-up.

Dr. Darrick Antell, a top New York City plastic surgeon, says he has seen an increase in the number of teenage patients but cautions against calling it a trend. “One of the main reasons for the increase is visibility: today’s teenagers are growing up with parents who have had cosmetic surgery, so they see and hear about it more. The media has also done a good job of making people aware of the procedures available. Another reason is acceptability. In a way, plastic surgery has come out of the closet,” Dr. Antell says.

When details of cosmetic procedures are frequently discussed on talk shows and published in magazines, it’s not surprising that they filter into our consciousness. “Sometimes when I’m out to dinner with my friends, we’ll play a game called ‘What would you have done?’ where we sort of daydream and discuss what we would do if money was no object and the procedures were safe,” says 18-year-old Alison Preiss, an Ontario high school student. While Preiss doesn’t think she could actually go through with a procedure, she says it could go either way. “I could grow up to realize that there are more important things than my nose, or it could really bother me to the point where I decide to have surgery. I suppose it depends on my lifestyle and career choices,” Preiss says.

Suzanne Ma, a 19-year-old Ryerson University student, has considered a double eyelid procedure popular in Asia. “I’m Chinese, and I don’t like my eyes. I don’t have double eyelids, so I feel that my eyes look a lot smaller than they really are. My concerns are not entirely for cosmetic reasons. With my heavy eyelids, my eyelashes don’t grow out properly. Some of them get trapped under the eyelids and it’s very easy for me to get an infection,” Ma says.

As in North America, plastic surgery is booming overseas, especially in wealthier Asian countries like Taiwan and Korea, where it is seen as a way to improve career prospects and self-confidence. In China, women and some men are paying thousands of dollars to have a brutal surgical procedure performed that lengthens their legs so they can fulfill height requirements often used to narrow down the number of job applicants.

Although reasons for cosmetic surgery range from getting a better look to improving job prospects, often the common factor among patients is more than skin deep. “Teenagers who are thinking about having plastic surgery to change the way they look are often addressing issues of self-esteem,” says psychotherapist Dorothy Ratusny. “Between the ages of 13 and 19, there’s a lot of emphasis on peers and what others think of you. It’s also a time when things such as not being part of the popular crowd, changes in financial situation and divorce can negatively affect a teenager’s self esteem.”

Cosmetic surgery may have a positive impact if your body image is consistently tied to a negative focus on a particular facial feature or body part. Dr. Antell says, “The classic case is a teenage patient of mine who had reconstructive surgery to correct a significant discrepancy between her upper and lower jaws. When she came into my office for the initial consultation she was constantly looking at the floor. After the surgery, she was looking up and smiling. Now she’s singing in her local school group.” Dr. Antell is careful to point out that there are murky areas. “Liposuction is one of those areas. So is breast augmentation because you’re not really sure that the teenager has stopped growing yet. But there are exceptions, for example, if a patient has breast asymmetry.” Dr. Mitchell Brown, a plastic surgeon at Sunnybrook and Women’s College Health Sciences Centre in Toronto says, “Correcting breast asymmetry, when women develop breasts that are different in terms of shape and size, can be appropriate for teenage girls because it causes a very significant psychological impact on them during their developmental years.

Doctors are very aware of the psychological drama affecting our lives and it has become a very important factor when evaluating a patient. Dr. Brown says, “The key thing from my perspective is to assess physical, emotional and psychological maturity before treating a patient. I spend a great deal of time with my patients, regardless of their age, to determine that they have thought out their concern carefully and have reasonable goals and expectations.” In other words, cosmetic surgery can improve a patient’s body but it won’t necessarily improve their self-image or guarantee happiness. Dr. Antell says, “I’ve done liposuction on a Sports Illustrated swimsuit model. This is somebody most people would think looked perfect. But she was very insecure. She didn’t see herself the way others did. I can’t give people confidence.”

So, if you’re considering cosmetic surgery you need to ask yourself what you hope to achieve because it’s not going to be the one magic solution that makes everything better. In fact, it may even change you for the worse—just surf the Web and read the thousands of horror stories from people hoping to find peace of mind or happiness by going under the knife.

Dr. Ratusny says, “[Teens] need to be really realistic with the fact that cosmetic surgery may be only one piece of many things that serve to improve aspects of themselves. There may be physical changes but the real change begins with who they are inside.”

plastic surgery encyclopedia

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Information for Cosmetic Surgery

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The one thing that is often overlooked by many people is that, no matter if you are getting a facelift or tummy tuck, plastic surgery is a medical procedure and there are risks involved that should be greatly considered before going under the knife.

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COSMETIC SURGERY

Browlift Pre-Operative Care

Several choices need to be made about the type of browlift to be done. In patients with good skin elasticity, an endoscopic browlift can often be performed. This operation makes three to five small incisions in the hairline, then releases and pulls the brows up. Frown lines and wrinkles of the forehead and brows can also be treated through the endoscopic approach. The endoscopic browlift, however, has a limited range of effectiveness and may not be powerful enough for some patients in NJ with significant brow drooping.

When skin needs to be cut away, there are three standard approaches: a temporal browlift with two small hairline incisions; an anterior hairline browlift, with one longer hairline incision; and a coronal incision over the top of the head. At the consultation in NJ, the best options for your situation will be discussed.

No aspirin, ibuprofen, or similar drugs should be taken within two weeks of the browlift in New Jersey surgery. These medications can cause serious excess bleeding during, and after, the operation. If you have any questions about drugs you are taking, including over-the-counter preparations and natural herbs, please call the office.

Do not eat or drink anything after midnight of the night before your surgery. This prohibition includes coffee and juice in the morning. Oral medications can be taken with a sip of water.

Facelifts

Facelifts are designed to provide a more youthful appearance. This is accomplished by removing excess facial and neck skin, as well as lifting areas of sagging skin and fat back to where they were when you were younger. Our facial rejuvenation can be done in the office surgery center or at the hospital in New Jersey. Mini-facelifts, aimed specifically at correcting facial jowls, can almost always be done in the office.f you are having a full facelift, you should be at the office surgicenter or hospital at least 90 minutes prior to your scheduled surgical start time. Bring all paperwork from the office with you, as many of these papers will save time on the day of surgery. Mini-facelift patients should be at the office 1 hour prior to the scheduled start time.

Before the surgery, lines will be drawn on your face to guide the incision placement. A small strip of hair may be shaved on the sides and back of your head and rubber bands may be used to keep your hair away from the incisions.

During the procedure, the skin of the face will be lifted and the layer beneath the skin (SMAS) will be tightened. The skin will then be redraped in an upward fashion and the excess skin cut away. Fat may be removed from the area below the chin if needed. Additional fat may be taken from the abdomen and injected to facial lines around the mouth to help rejuvenate the area. Additional fat is often added to the lips to correct thinning that comes with age. A small piece of cartilage may be taken from your ear and placed at the base of the nose near the upper lip. This helps correct the look of an aging, drooping, nose and keeps your entire face looking younger with minimal pain or expense.

At the end of the procedure drains will often be placed and a soft wrap put around your head to help prevent blood/fluid collections. If you have also had eyelid surgery, a cold pack will be placed over your eyes.

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Cosmetic surgery is usually performed to correct a physical abnormality or to enhance an otherwise normal physical feature and thus improve appearance. Cosmetic surgery is an extremely broad field that may offer reconstructive surgery for a patient after a damaging burn or other physical trauma, yet can also be used to smooth out wrinkles, enlarge breasts, or reshape a nose. In the not so distant past, cosmetic surgery was confined only to surgery which was absolutely necessary to the health and well-being of the patient -- for instance, skin-grafting for serious burns, reconstructing a dislodged eye, repairing a broken nose or jaw, or treating an unseemly birthmark across the face. Cosmetic surgery was first used regularly after World War I, when treatment and reconstruction of war injuries gave hope to young soldiers.

As recently as fifty years ago, as the rich and famous began opting for elective cosmetic surgery, the subject was whispered about and considered taboo. Celebrities and others in elite circles would disappear for months and then emerge after secret cosmetic surgery looking younger, prettier, and thinner. Over time, cosmetic surgery has become accepted and even encouraged in some circles. Today there is open acceptance of cosmetic surgery to the point that there are even television reality shows about it. There are a wide range of choices for cosmetic surgery, from tiny tucks and snips to full-blown face lifts.

The Most Expensive Health Care System in the World

America has the best health care system in the world, said Bob Dole and the other executioners of health care reform. Once upon a time that claim was true. Now what America has is the most expensive health care system in the world, in spite of the fact that it leaves one-third of its citizens un- or under-insured and ranks 17th of the 24 industrialized nations in life expectancy.

The major reason for the high expense and poor performance is that we are moving rapidly toward an unholy combination of government and corporate health care management. That trend is well documented by Robert Sherrill in the January 9/16 issue of The Nation. Sherrill draws together 11 recent books and articles on drug companies, insurers, hospitals, and doctors. He shows a system that views patients as consumers to be manipulated, health workers as costs to be minimized, and taxpayer support as gold to be mined.

Here are just a few of Sherrill's startling statistics:

- The top executives of the the nation's four largest hospital chains earned a combined one-year total of $14 million, while they were firing housekeepers and nurses and working the remaining nurses 80 hours a week, so as to pay only one set of benefits for the equivalent of two workers. These hospitals rent "temp" nurses, when patient loads rise. The temps may be unqualified, but they don't get benefits and can be laid off quickly.

- Four corporations own seven out of ten of the nation's for-profit psychiatric beds. They treat only insured patients. The treatments take, with remarkable regularity, 28 days -- the cut-off for most employee insurance policies. Some of the major investors in these psychiatric hospitals are insurance companies.

- Private hospitals close emergency rooms to keep out uninsured patients. Meanwhile at public emergency rooms like that of the Los Angeles County Hospital, the average wait is three hours, and 40 percent of the patients are uninsured.

Ventricular tachycardia

Normal heart rhythm

Heart, section through the middle

Hereditary Orthopedic Diseases in Dogs

Do you ever read about a dog breed and discover that a particular breed can be prone to a number of diseases - most of which you can't understand? Are you in the process of choosing a dog and you want to know which breed-specific hereditary disease that the breeder should have screened out in the breeding stock?

Most breeders spend a lot of time and resources trying to get rid of genetic diseases in their lines. However, some amateur breeders and puppy mills are breeding dogs without screening the parents and perpetuating poor genetic health.

This article is not exhaustive but will attempt to describe some common hereditary musculoskeletal diseases and indicate some of the dog breeds that have shown a tendency to inherit these diseases in the past. Since so many dogs have inherited orthopedic problems, these disorders are extremely well researched and studied. If you want to check on a particular dog breed you can go to www.dog-breed-facts.com and search on a particular breed for its health issues.

There are a number of common inherited diseases for which reputable breeders screen their breeding stock. The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) has specialists evaluate X-rays, DNA, thyroid, cardiac and other tests and register the results. A prospective pure-bred puppy buyer should ask to see the OFA results for the dog's sire and dam.

Chondrodysplasia or dwarfism in the legs is a disease that causes malformation of the carpal and radius bones of the front legs resulting in a stunted and bowed look. Puppies born with this disease do not show any signs until they grow older. The disease can be painful and often the only choice is to euthanize the dog. This disease is most common in the Alaskan malamute and the Beagle.

Elbow dysplasia is a hereditary disease in which the elbow joints of the front legs are malformed. Lameness usually makes its appearance around 7 to 10 months of age and is treated by anti-inflammatories and also surgery. All breeds are susceptible to the disease but it is most common in large male breeds. These breeds include the: Basset hound, Bernese mountain dog, Bloodhound, Bouvier des Flandres, Chow Chow, German shepherd, Golden retriever, Great Pyrenees, Irish wolfhound, Labrador retriever, Mastiff, Rottweiler, Saint Bernard and Weimaraner.

Hip dysplasia is a disorder that results when there is a loose fit of the 'ball and socket' hip joint and the ball may continuously slide part way out of the socket. Over time this will cause osteoarthritis in the joint and the dog will become lame and weak in the hind end. Some relief can be found with the use of nutriceuticals such as glucosamine and chondroitin, and anti-inflammatories. Some cases are so bad that the dog must have surgery or be euthanized. Ensuring that your dog isn't overfed and overweight can delay the onset of hip dysplasia. Larger breeds that grow fastest during the first four months seem to be more prone to this disease. Hip dysplasia is the most common inherited orthopedic disease in large and giant breeds and many medium-sized breeds as well.

Dialysis Machine

CT SCAN MACHINE

Nano Technology

Nano Technology

Nano Technology is a growing field that is still being explored. The idea that bacteria sized machines can be programmed to do a specific function is both exciting and scarey. The Grew Goo idea, is that if a machine's only purpose was to copy itself, it could potentially be a destructive force like a virus or cancer. Machines that use resources to make more machines could potentially create a destructive domino effect.

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Rapid Response HUT Tilt Table for Syncope Testing

donating umbilical cord blood

But keep in mind: cord blood donation requires simple, advanced preparation, and the obstetrician must act immediately after the umbilical cord is clamped and cut. Fortunately, the donated blood is withdrawn from the umbilical cord after it is detached, so there is no discomfort for the mother or baby.

Yet, most delivery room doctors discard life-saving cord blood as medical waste, even though cord blood donation is desperately needed by tens of thousands of people who have life-threatening illnesses.

Here's the point: the blood in an umbilical cord consists of stem cells that can "transform" into various types of healthy cell tissue. That tissue may be a treatment for many serious illnesses, including leukemia and other cancers, sickle cell disease, brain tumors, and osteoporosis. In the future, stem cells from donated cord blood may also be used to treat Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and diabetes.

What is cholera?

Cholera is an acute, diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The infection is often mild or without symptoms, but sometimes it can be severe. Approximately one in 20 infected persons has severe disease characterized by profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, and leg cramps. In these persons, rapid loss of body fluids leads to dehydration and shock. Without treatment, death can occur within hours.

Best guide to buy health insurance india

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International Health Insurance Benefit Details

The Concordia Health Insurance Plan for International Students is a comprehensive health and accident insurance plan at a competitive cost, specifically designed for international students which meets Quebec government standards. Students may opt to take couple or family coverage at an additional cost.

The Concordia Health Insurance Plan for International Students covers, amongst others, the following expenses:
• hospital;
• medical charges and consultations by doctors and specialists;
• pregnancy (only if pregnancy commences after the start date of the health insurance plan);
• eye examination;
• psychiatric services;
• drugs and medicines.

Family Health Insurance

Know The Details of Your Policy

When you are shopping for family health insurance, the plan details that are available to you are just an overview of the details of the policy. You are provided with a summary of benefits, but not all of the details of the policy. This may be available to you upon request, but is typically not provided until you have been approved for coverage and become a plan member. For group health insurance, the insurance company will send you the health plan details once you have enrolled in the group health plan. The plan details, also referred to as "evidence of coverage," is a booklet that provides you with all of the details about the plan in which you are enrolled. This will include a list of all the medical benefits that are covered under your family health plan, but in much greater detail than a standard benefit summary

Health Insurance Details Screaming "You need me'

When buying a health insurance policy there are sure to be some details that scream "you need me.' If you ignore these calls you may not get the policy that you want. Every consumer is going to want something different from their health insurance policy. You need to know what you want, and when you find details that call your name, you need to listen. Ignoring something that you need from a health insurance perspective is only going to make things worse.

One detail that you never want to overlook is your deductible. This is perhaps one of the most important aspects of any health insurance policy. With a low deductible you will not have to pay a lot of money out of your own pocket before your policy kicks in and your provider begins to pay. But at the same time, increasing your deductible is one of the easiest ways to decrease your premium. So as you can see, this is a detail that you need to consider on many different levels. What is most important to you? A lower deductible or a lower premium?

In addition to your deductible, other details will also scream your name. For instance, you do not want to overlook smaller details, such as prescription coverage, because you are spending too much time with those that are "more important.' As you know, prescription drugs can be expensive. Without coverage in this area you will end up spending a lot of money if you ever need a prescription drug.

No matter what type of consumer you are, there are sure to be some details that scream your name before you purchase a health insurance policy. Do not ignore these calls. Instead, listen to them and buy your next policy with them in mind. By doing this you will ensure that you get the best deal

eligibility for health insurance

veryone is eligible for health insurance but there are few exceptions like health condition, Tobacco usage, age, and employment. In order to get the quotes you just need to fill up a short form, which requires some details. It is quite easy to get the health insurance plan online and compare the quotes within seconds, as it is quick, and an easy way to find the affordable quotes. Whether you are looking for an individual health plan or family health plan, there are many insurance companies that offer exclusive deals.

types OF HEALTH INSURANCE

There are many types of health insurance plans that are offered by the insurance companies, all you need is to check out and compare. Whether you are looking for individual, group, business or family insurance plans you will get everything just few clicks away. It is quite important that whenever you plan to purchase a policy from any company make sure and do cheek out whether the insurance company is licensed to do the business in your state or not. Most of the time it happens that discount and low cost deals attract people but sometimes some companies are fraud. There are various sources to find out the insurance policy quotes like either by a phone call, as the numbers are given in the television and newspaper advertisement. Another way is to find the quotes online from the sites of the insurance companies and don’t forget it to compare too. Some people get satisfied in face-to-face meeting, so such people can contact to the brokers and the agents with whom one can easily discuss the pros and cons of various policies that are provided by the insurance companies.

Health Insurance Plans

The health is the most precious and the valuable thing for every individual, and so everyone takes really good care of it and must take care of it. There are times when unexpected health problem occurs and it is difficult to pay unexpected bills. People who have savings can easily bear the unexpected medical expenses while there are some people who don’t have much savings to spend on these unexpected bills.

Health Insurance

Health insurance relates to a group of insurance policies which pay for health-related costs when the need arises and according to how each policy is written. There are many types of health insurance policies.(mesothelioma attorneys)

Individual VS Group Health Insurance

There are two general categories of health insurance available today: individual and group. Generally, a good health insurance policy will cover several types of medical requirements. For physician’s fees, insurance should cover both office and hospital visits. In relation to the hospital, insurance should pay for your room and your services while there, although some treatments may be written into the policy as optional.(donating umbilical cord blood) Surgical fees and related costs, as well as lab and x-ray ( services, are usually covered also. There are many options that can be written into a policy. Whether you are shopping for either individual or group insurance, you should put thought into the specifics of what you and your family need.

Why Buy Health Insurance?

The need for health insurance was recognized in the early part of the 20th century. The main reason to have it is simple: it can prevent you from facing financial ruin if there is a catastrophic illness or accident involving you or your family. At such a time, it is hard enough to deal with your health problems without the added knowledge that huge medical bills are exhausting your savings and future financial independence. You probably already know health insurance is something you should never be without.

HEALTH INSURANCE

Impartial

Expatriate Insurance Services is one of the world's leading, international health insurance intermediaries. We provide free impartial advice on international health insurance for expatriates of all nationalities living and working around the world.(best term life insurance rates)

Comprehensive

We have a wide selection of international healthcare plans available at our finger tips, provided by worldwide international health insurance companies. We believe in quality over quantity and therefore only select the best expatriate health insurance providers to represent. We provide a range of quality individual plans and tailor-made international healthcare schemes for corporate groups, with one common feature, all plans offer exceptional value for money combined with comprehensive benefit packages.

Choice

Our free consulting service will help you choose from the many international healthcare plans on the market and ultimately select the one which best suits your own particular circumstances. The premiums you pay will be the same as going direct to the provider (in some cases they might be less) but more importantly, you will have the benefit of choice and our impartial advice on the various international health insurance plans to assist you in selecting the right policy.

Dialysis-Related Amyloidosis(kidney cancer stones)

Normal kidneys filter and remove excess small proteins from the blood, thus keeping blood levels normal. When the kidneys don't work properly, as in patients receiving dialysis, one type of small protein calle beta-2-microglobulin builds up in the blood. When this occurs, beta-2-microglobulin molecules may join together, like the links of a chain, forming a few very large molecules from many smaller ones. These large molecules can form deposits and eventually damage the surrounding tissues and cause great discomfort. This condition is called dialysis-related amyloidosis (DRA).

DRA is relatively common in patients, especially older adults, who have been on hemodialysis for more than 5 years. Hemodialysis membranes that have been used for many years don't effectively remove the large, complex beta-2-microglobulin proteins from the bloodstream. Newer hemodialysis membranes, as well as peritoneal dialysis, remove beta-2-microglobulin more effectively, but not enough to keep blood levels normal. As a result, blood levels remain elevated, and deposits form in bone, joints, and tendons (the tissue that connects the muscle to the bone). DRA may result in pain, stiffness, and fluid in the joints. Patients with DRA may also develop hollow cavities, or cysts, in some of their bones; these may lead to unexpected bone fractures. Amyloid deposits may cause tears in ligaments and tendons. Most patients with these problems can be helped by surgical intervention.

Half of the people with DRA also develop a condition called carpal tunnel syndrome, which results from the unusual buildup of protein in the wrists. Patients with this condition may experience numbness or tingling, sometimes associated with muscle weakness, in their fingers and hands. This is a treatable condition.

Amyloidosis and Kidney Disease

Proteins are important building blocks for all body parts, including muscles, bones, hair, and nails. Proteins circulate throughout the body in the blood and are normally harmless. Occasionally, cells produce abnormal proteins that can settle in body tissue, forming deposits and causing disease. When these deposits of abnormal proteins were first discovered, they were called amyloid, and the disease process amyloidosis.

In recent years, researchers have discovered that different kinds of proteins can form amyloid deposits and have identified several types of amyloidosis. Two of these types are closely related to kidney disease. In primary amyloidosis, abnormal protein production occurs as a first step and can lead to kidney disease. Dialysis-related amyloidosis (DRA), on the other hand, is a result of kidney disease.

Skin Cancer(cancer research uk )

illusration of SKIN layers

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is one of the world's leading infectious killers - second only to HIV/AIDS. The 2007 WHO Global TB Control Report, which will be issued on Thursday 22 March 2007, updates the current trends on the airborne disease with all the very latest data from nearly 200 countries.

In the wake of the newly-identified extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) and continuing challenges such as TB and HIV co-infection,peritoneal mesothelioma the 2007 WHO Global TB Control Report underlines the major issues affecting TB patients, health workers and governments today. This year's report also highlights achievements in reaching global 2005 TB targets set by the World Health Assembly.mesothelioma lawyers

The launch is prior to World TB Day, held every year on 24 March. This year's theme is: "TB Anywhere is TB Everywhere".

The Global TB Control Report will be released on the WHO website on Thursday 22 March 2007 (12:00 GMT) and also in various cities with key speakers from WHO and the Stop TB Partnership.

Virus

Virus infection

Bacteriums

MRI MACHINE PROCESS

CT SCAN MACHINE

Microscopic Image of Secondary AIDS Infection

bird flue spores

Illustration of asthma 7-654

Breast cancer(medifast weight loss)

Cancer diagnosis : Now in 3-D - 2009-03-13

Cancer diagnosis : Now in 3-D - 2009-03-13

ORLANDO - University of Washington researchers have helped develop a new kind of microscope to visualize cells in three dimensions, an advance that could bring great progress in the field of early cancer detection. The technique could also bridge a widening gap between cutting-edge imaging techniques used in research and clinical practices, researchers said. Eric Seibel, a UW mechanical engineering associate professor, and his colleagues have worked in collaboration with VisionGate, Inc., a privately held company in Gig Harbor, Wash., that holds the patents on the technology. The machine works by rotating the cell under the microscope lens and taking hundreds of pictures per rotation, and then digitally combining them to form a single 3-D image. The 3-D visualizations could lead to big advances in early cancer detection, since clinicians today identify cancerous cells by using 2-D pictures to assess the cells' shape and size. "It's a lot easier to spot a misshapen cell if you can see it from all sides," Seibel said. "A 2-D representation of a 3-D object is never perfectly accurate -- imagine trying to get an exact picture of the moon, seeing only one side." The new microscope, known by the trademarked name Cell-CT, is so named because it works similarly to a CT-scan -- though on a very small scale, and using visible light instead of X-rays. In a CT-scan, the patient is immobile while the X-ray machine rotates. In the Cell-CT microscope, each cell is embedded in a special gel inside a glass tube that rotates in front of a fixed camera that takes many pictures per rotation. The gel has similar optical properties to the tube's so that no light reflects off the glass. In both processes, the end result is that hundreds of pictures are assembled to form a 3-D image that can be viewed and rotated on a computer screen. The new 3-D microscope also helps to bring imaging techniques from the lab to the doctor's office. Although great advances have been made in microscope technology through the years, clinicians have been using essentially the same technique for cancer diagnoses for the last 300 years, Seibel said. Pathologists today still use a cell stain invented in the 1700s to examine sections of suspected cancers. Pathologists do not use any of the newer fluorescent molecular dyes that produce the precise, detailed cellular portraits found in biology journals.

breast cancer synthesis

Breast Cancer Statistics

• Breast cancer incidence in women in the United States is 1 in 8 (about 13%).
• In 2008, an estimated 182,460 new cases of invasive breast cancer are expected to be diagnosed in women in the U.S., along with 67,770 new cases of non-invasive (in situ) breast cancer.
• About 1,990 new cases of invasive breast cancer will be diagnosed in men in 2008. Less than 1% of all new breast cancer cases occur in men.
• From 2001 to 2004, breast cancer incidence rates in the U.S. decreased by 3.5% per year. One theory is that this decrease was due to the reduced use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) by women after the results of a large study, called the Women’s Health Initiative, were published in 2002. These results suggested a connection between HRT and increased breast cancer risk.
• About 40,480 women in the U.S. are expected to die in 2008 from breast cancer, though death rates have been decreasing since 1990. These decreases are thought to be the result of treatment advances, earlier detection through screening, and increased awareness.
• For women in the U.S., breast cancer death rates are higher than those for any other cancer besides lung cancer.
• Besides skin cancer, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among U.S. women. More than 1 in 4 cancers are breast cancer.
• Compared to African American women, white women are slightly more likely to develop breast cancer, but less likely to die of it. One possible reason is that African American women tend to have more aggressive tumors, although why this is the case is not known. Women of other ethnic backgrounds — Asian, Hispanic, and Native American — have a lower risk of developing and dying from breast cancer than white women and African American women.
• As of 2008, there are about 2.5 million women in the U.S. who have survived breast cancer.
• A woman’s risk of breast cancer approximately doubles if she has a first-degree relative (mother, sister, daughter) who has been diagnosed with breast cancer. About 20-30% of women diagnosed with breast cancer have a family history of breast cancer.
• About 5-10% of breast cancers are caused by gene mutations inherited from one’s mother or father. Mutations of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are the most common. Women with these mutations have up to an 80% risk of developing breast cancer during their lifetime, and they often are diagnosed at a younger age (before age 50). An increased ovarian cancer risk is also associated with these genetic mutations. Men with a BRCA1 mutation have a 1% risk of developing breast cancer by age 70 and a 6% risk when they have a BRCA2 mutation.
• About 90% of breast cancers are due not to heredity, but to genetic abnormalities that happen as a result of the aging process and life in general.
• The most significant risk factors for breast cancer are gender (being a woman) and age (growing older).

21. Breast cancer is an uncontrolled growth of breast cells. To better understand breast cancer, it helps to understand how any cancer can develop.

Bladder Cancer

Overview

The bladder is a hollow organ in the lower abdomen. Its primary function is to store urine, the waste that is produced when the kidneys filter the blood. Urine passes from the two kidneys into the bladder through two tubes called ureters and urine leaves the bladder through another tube called the urethra. The bladder has a muscular wall that allows it to get larger and smaller as urine is stored or emptied.

The wall of the bladder is lined with several layers of cells called transitional cells. Cancer arising from these cells makes up more than 90% of all bladder cancers and these are referred to as transitional cell carcinomas. Because transitional cell carcinomas are the most common type of bladder cancer, the information in this section only addresses treatment of transitional cell cancer of the bladder.

Bladder cancer occurs predominantly in elderly men and less frequently in women and younger men. Many bladder cancers are thought to be caused by exposure to cancer-causing agents that pass through the urine and come into contact with the bladder lining. The most important risk factor for bladder cancer is smoking, which increases risk by at least four-fold.[1]

The most common sign of bladder cancer is hematuria or blood in the urine, which will turn the urine rust or red in color.[2] Other signs of bladder cancer may include pain during urination and frequent urination. Most patients with bladder cancer do not have symptoms other than hematuria. Unfortunately, most bladder cancers are not diagnosed until they have become very large. As a result, research is ongoing in order to develop urine tests that would enable earlier detection of bladder cancer when it is small and more easily treated. There are several promising tests under evaluation, but currently none are reliable enough for routine use.

An outpatient procedure called a cystoscopy is usually used to diagnose bladder cancer. During a cystoscopy, the physician (a urologist) inserts a thin, lighted tube (cystoscope) into the bladder through the urethra to examine the internal lining of the bladder. The procedure enables the urologist to remove (biopsy) small samples of any abnormal appearing areas of the bladder and examine them under the microscope. When bladder cancer is diagnosed, the urologist will want to learn the stage or extent of the cancer, as well as the grade (aggressiveness) of the cancer as determined by its appearance under the microscope. Grade is important because it indicates how closely the cancer resembles normal tissue and suggests how fast the cancer is likely to grow. Low-grade cancers more closely resemble normal tissue and are likely to grow and spread more slowly than high-grade cancers.

Brain Tumors: An Overview of Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Introduction

An abnormal growth of cells in the brain is called a brain tumor. Brain tumors may be malignant (cancerous) or benign (non-cancerous).

Suspicions of a brain tumor may first arise from abnormal behavior or other symptoms. Symptoms are typically investigated with a series of tests aimed at making a diagnosis. If a brain tumor is the diagnosis, further information about the cancer cells is necessary to determine the best possible approach to treatment. There are many types of brain tumors that differ based on which type of cells make up the tumor. Also, determining the extent of the cancer helps the doctor to understand the likelihood that the tumor will spread into other brain tissues, a characteristic which may also be referred to as the aggressiveness of the cancer.

14. Leukemia

Overview

Leukemia is a cancer of the blood cells. There are many different types of leukemia, depending upon which specific blood cells are affected. Each leukemia has different disease characteristics and therefore different treatment options. Several clinical diagnostic tests are utilized in order to determine the type and extent of leukemia. In order to better understand leukemia and its treatment, a basic understanding of normal blood cell production is useful.

Normal blood is made up of fluid called plasma and three main types of blood cells. Plasma is mainly water, but contains minerals, proteins and antibodies. The three major blood cell types are white cells, red cells and platelets. Each type of blood cell has a specific function. White blood cells, also called leukocytes, help the body fight infections and other diseases. Red blood cells, also called erythrocytes, make up half the blood’s total volume. They contain hemoglobin, which picks up oxygen from the lungs and carries it to the body’s organs. Platelets, or thrombocytes, help form blood clots to control bleeding.

Blood cells are produced inside the bones in a spongy space called the bone marrow. The process of blood cell formation is called hematopoiesis. All blood cells have a common origin called a stem cell. Stem cells develop into specific mature blood cells by a process